The Art of Neosoul Essay Example for Free

The Art of Neosoul EssayNeo Soul is a music genre of music that arose in the nineties from the experience of RB/Soul music and is characterized as bringing freshness to a genre long pronounced dead (Phillip Cunningham/Bowling Green nation University). As defined by the Stanford Dictionary of Philosophy, art is modern works that appear to break radically with all traditional art and this music genre is by definition new and radically polar. Considering neo soul in terms of art, I believe that this music is an expression of modern mainstream Afri whoremonger American culture, experience, belief, and surely, the root of this ethnicity. Different and more esthetically expressed than soul music it brings great aesthetic value to the music scene. Not just music, but a powerful expression of deep rooted feelings finished attention-grabbing and talented artist of our day. Neo-Soul is new and innovative in expressing the common culture of African American livelihood and in its refusa l to walk the conventional line. In what the Music Said an essay by Mark Anthony Neal, this form of music is post-soul and is a combination of rhythm and blues, funk, pink and hip-hop and arose out of resistance to, and often times in opposition to, middle class sensibilities of respectability and norms.In Soul, the expression seems disdain and rebellion for the average societal norms, that have been put in place by the government influences such as Marvin Gayes Whats Going On and Lets Get it On? two of his most popular pieces where he is in defiance of the current political agenda and abstinence. Neo, meaning new, or Nu brought a different vehicle of expression the experiences of the time. Though there is much debate regarding the terms Neo-soul or Neo-classical-soul has become, in the 1990s and 2000s, more popular. Neo Soul is an extension of a culture that has a voice.The African American community in the 1990s as church and faith become more important to young overlord Christ ian, Neo soul also creeps into the Gospel music with artist such as Lisa McClendon and Leon Timbo. These individuals express a real time acceptance and opinion on their God and expression of their faith in contemporary terms. Neo-soul music is one such singularity, which has reframed the subjectivities of black people and suggested identities embodied and disembodied, human and post-human. (Weheliye 30) Simply put, it is a genre of music that refocuses the African American art of music.More aesthetically pleasing I think. The beauty of neo Soul has I believe redefined African American Music as an art form rather than beat for bump and grind, distrust and defiance. Such artist as Lauryn Hil, India Aria, and Jill Scott, women who have redefined lyric with gossamer and encouraging expression and melody that beats to the heart of the disputationener. In Arias Strength, Courage, and Wisdom, she speaks of positive thoughts to encourage and that these elements are internal, pointing th e listener to uplift rather than what can be done in secret.As well as the song I Am Not My Hair, which counteracts bigotry and sterotypes with positive phrases and rhyme. Similarly Jill Scott, with a more rhythmic driving beat in My Petition, Scott speaks out against the American government without the hatred that you would usually see in this type of song, through straight, it is not militant just truthful. Neo Soul music is an adaptation of Soul music as an art form and moves it to a higher peak of listening pleasure. Not timid but definitely bold, but respectful of both the artist and the listener.Even the presentation of the artist in this genre is an artistic expression of the African American culture. One of India Arias latest releases, Testimony flashiness 2, Love Politics says explains this artistic form of getting her point crossways about poverty and society outlook on those that live in poverty in Ghetto Now the dictionary says / That the ghetto is a place / of mino rity, and poverty, and over population.We list on this earth together, / aint no separation. / when youre looking down, / from outer space. / were just a human race and the world is a / ghetto-o-o-o. A clear point, but not so hard on the heart.Work CiteAfrofuturism and post-soul possibility in black popular music. Aria, India. Strength and Wisdom. http//www. azlyrics. com/lyrics/strengthandwisdom. hypertext mark-up language Art and Popular Culture online. http//www. artandpopularculture. com/African_American_music Cunningham, Phillip. Theres Nothing Really New Under the Sun The Fallacy of the Neo-Soul Genre. Journal of Popular Music Studies, Volume 22, Issue 3, Pageshttps//www.thefreelibrary.com/

The significance of the post-war settlement Essay Example for Free

The significance of the post- fight settlement EssayAfter knowledge base War 2, the extent to which participating countries had mazed acted as an eye opener. What these countries expected never came to be. Having fought in warfare 1, and whence war 2, or so resources were running towards depletion and worst of tout ensemble masses of people doomed lives, economies, weakened, infrastructure destroyed and industrial development totally demerited. Post war era was the start to a new realism order mainly to be characterized by peace, potency, mutuality and prosperity.After World War 2, every country that had taken part in it was left on a stand still. Having invested most of the resources in the war that turned out to be fruitless, it was a turning point for a majority of them. Governments had to work out new sources and systems of accumulating capital, re-institutional arrangements. The catamenia nearly and after World War 2 led to advancement and fundamental industrial rel ations re-birth. The development at that time reflected positive future stableness and durability.In the whole continent, only Sweden and Switzer degrade experienced tranquility. All the other countries were faced with war, colonization and enmity. Post war reconstruction of national boundaries, economical atmosphere and governmental systems facilitated unprecedented significance in development. The change in economical, institutional perception and perspectives is a niche definition of my understanding of post war settlement. (Fulcher,1987).In my discussion, I will scrutinize two global economical giant countries, which are Germany and Russia. To start, after World War 2 life was indeed very toilsome in the Federal Republic of Germany, with intimately all systems in a shattered condition. Very hard living standards came up as a conduce of food shortage, diseases, instableness, lack of job opportunities and unemployment. As a result activism and demonstrations took center stage, this was made possible by the Germanys unionification. All employees were under the same confederation, which pushed for raise reforms putting better living standards in their priority.This move turned out successive due to the fact that employees and unions existed on a mutually potent relationship, that is, unrivaled could not live without the other. Citizen thought that separation of politics and industrial issues would be a merit to their welfare. other development that followed in turn was economical stability and expansion. To boost their progress, Britain sent food relief in 1946. Later on, Germany byword itself join membership of EEC in 1957 through the religious service of a strategic plan known as the Marshal Plan. Old industrious organizations, firms and companies remain stable as growth began to be felt.Post wartime is seen as a stability period in most countries that experienced the tacks of war- Volkswagen, the automobile manufacturer is sensation of the compan ies that lived on and continue to today. Germany was forced to concentrate all it military campaign in policies and strategies towards economic growth. They had to halt active political presence for decades. With serious considerations being put into practice, Germany woke up to an economic excellence. As an advantage of post war activity, Germany became, and still is, among the giant economical strengths in Europe and universally. In a bid to bounce back, post wartime witnessed the practice of mass production, industries embarked on manufacturing of goods in sur summing up.As a result it attracted German citizens to mass consumption. This was a great move since the more they produced the more it was consumed. The gross net profit grew drastically so did their thrift. disembodied spirit felt cozier as job opportunities increased because of the mushrooming of many industries. Politically the country was shaped newly completely for quite a long time, at unity time Germany had to l ay low. They had been toppled completely and their Nazi regime wrecked down. This turn of events saw its leaders tried at Nuremberg for crimes against human rights, they had to face justice in their own home place or rather their site of propaganda brilliance. (Skidelsky, 1979)Although the late tyrant leader Adolph Hitler escaped trial and execution at that time he later committed suicide in Berlin, at the end of the war. He felt so intimidated of the counts he would be changed for. World War 2 left many German capital towns in ruins from the massive bombings carried out in it. Germany was segregated into zones by capability and powers this in turn resulted to a everlasting political stability and settlement.The European Union that strongly stands out today has it motherly roots from world war 2 time. In fact it grew from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), Its primary intention was to develop the steel and coal resources from member states, support and boost their econom ies.the ECSC facilitated the diffusion of the tensions that had resulted between enemy countries in world war 2. With time, this economic co-operation/merger grew enoumously , adding in new members hence broadening their scope, later the European Union was formed from EEC, European Economic Community. more other prominent organizations today have their history date back to World War 2 for example, the world trade organization,WTO, the United Nations, the international monetary fund IMF, the World Bank in which then West Germany but now Germany had taken part in its formation and stand as members.Another very important significance is the evolution of initial and the follow up of advanced technological progress that had captivated interest during the war. The development was reflected in almost all industrial fields in electronics, computers. These advancements helped Germany create the open upation for its realization into further development. This finally transformed to what was referred to as the post world war 2 world. The new technology, assisted in the trends to fight diseases that had erupted during the war. Massive research, monitoring, evaluation and development, quickly attained nuclear power which had adverse impacts on the scientific fraternity, creating a vane of laboratories in the whole country therafter . In addition, the struggling to crack codes initiated computer technology.There were social effects too which significantly changed almost all war participants to new degrees. One of them was increased involvement of women in the working force which replaced the place taken by many men during the war though this initiative was reduced in the following years, due to the fast changing society. The system forced women to taking care of home and family oriented matters.(Rowthorn en.others,1992).In military aspects, the World War II had established the beginning of airpower. Germany could not be left out, this was an opportunity to draft active self defence system. They highly concentrated on project they had earlier established. Advanced aircraft composing of aeroplanes, jet fighters and missiles developed earlier saw further developments. Battle ships and tanks sprout out into the ever growing competition, with guns and ammunination reaching to leathal dynamics. Air power capability is today a constituent in any military operation or mission. (Seidman,1950)Russia on the other hand is verbalize to be the main beneficiary when border revision was done. It saw Poland, Finland, Romania and other countries pushed into Russian boundery in their favor. Germany was not considered in the process. As a result their land area became larger creating room for development. Infrastractural systems remain almost the way they used to in Russia. Only few places had their system completely damaged. Compared to Germany, this was better off since repairs would follow less. Post war saw Germanys roads and communicational networks left comp letely in a shuter.Though very many people mixed-up lives during world war 2, in Russia than in Germany, at some point their demograpfic figure took a new turn. This was alos facilitated by increased agricultural activity. Most of Russias citizens depended on agriculture, fishing, forestry, or craftworks. Due to increment on the agicultural industry, their economical strength also took a stable ground-this is a major similarity that was experienced in almost all countries that had experienced war. (Gourevitch ,1985) Immortatility rates decreased and in turn working population had a future expectation. Hunger was kicked out and fertility saw the countries graphs rise demeritically. Having food and medicine eradicated the diseases that had become threatening.Politically, Russians remained constantly active compared to Germans who had to gio slow for decades. This was a crafty thing to concentrate on after the war. The approach stipulation was also great to say, it was trying to bala nce business and politics. Like their counterparts the Germans, unemployment at the beginning of world war 2 hit their population badly, this led to workers demonstrations all over the country. Trade unions at the time wanted drastic change to help improve their living standards. This though was not left to spread comparable any other bush fire, heavy police and army contigence ensured that a runing battle existed toi book the country tranquil and the demonstrators at bay. (Taylor,1989)Russia had severe problems following their decision to turn captured prisoners of war into plantation slave labourers. This is another reason that led to activism towards fighting for humanity/human rights. Every significant effect practiced found its relation with industrial settlement. Looking at their military state, Russia developed also in terms of strategic ideas and policies. Industrial inovations led to further outstanding developments in their manufacturing industry. This move also resulte d to an interest in nuclear power. In fact, Russia heavilly invested on the project.Facing challenges though, the idea had to be carried out in top secresy due to the effect that had been seen at Nagasaki and Hiroshima. (Ferner en. Others,1994 World super power countries felt empathetic of what had happen and so took it as a mandate to control nuclear power. Countries would only be allowed to use it for developmental purposes and destruction. Russia was the most highly sort after provider of nuclear energy. They made tremendous sale that in turn aided them in developing the state. It also provided job opportunities to it people.Peace settlements characterised both(prenominal) Germany and Russia, this positive move indicated brighter future. Since Russia was facing challenges of cold war because of several stauch stands on their accord they saw it an apportunity to take root with enemy states together with Germany. The negotiations indicated that the initiative was to be the last w ar and a new beginning to everlasting peace. They agreed at all peace tallness meetings held in Paris that idealism would take over rivalism. This was further pushed by existence of the league of nations. Expectations reached as far as waterways internationalization. This was a step ahead towards cohesive industrial relations.Independence was being experience in countries that had been colonized by Germany, they had decided to let own rule and democracy prevail. In foreign though, Russia in their side continued too occupy countries like Latvia and others with iron and steel mineral deposits or resources. Though they remain under Russia these countries witnessed new traditions that in deed very good. There was self freedom for everyone, movement was very safe generally. As a result, people grew some self determination which help industrialize Russia particularly, it was all busy-busy to earn a living a condition that turned out to be very superb.( Ryder, 2008)Preparations for comp ensation is another significant effort that saw ist launch in Germany more than Russia, a lot appeared to be done by Germany to cater on the aspect of enmity/crisis and conflict. Russia became laxile on this one which negatively impacted on their relationship with most countries. In turn, their industrial relations and development faced difficulties and setbacks in their wake to cold war period thereafter.Property ownership was also top after world wra 2, normally public resources were subject or prone to seizure or confiscation, by the then victorious super power countries. Many industries saw ownership and income channelled to their banks but after the war, rules changed. This saw native citizens own proprerties, industries, plantations which was a brilliant sign that the world was changing. This brought an understanding between waring communties who had different and diverse cultural variance.Although Russsia as well as Germany felt like they had lost or unfortunately settled at nothing compared to first world war, They later realized that peace was even sweeter and priceless, at some point. World war 1 settlement was not perfect, that is wherefore war two broke out but this time around, it would be the last time blood spilled. People in fact were turning at hand(predicate) to God at the time, in Germany for example it saw the demise or end of the rough Nazi regime, churches were established in the folloe up.Stability in capability to keep and maintain order is something that came in world war 2 post war settlement. As a result of peace prevalence all the energies were shifted to industrial innovations and development in both Germany and Russia.In conclusion, it can said that the significance of post world war 2 was almost the same in both these two countries. The extent to which states experienced the war was relative to how harder they would be forced to work in order to achieve stability. For instance, Germany had suffered majorly in most important ind ustries plus they had their reservouir flow of capital from their colonies in Europe and other continents stop in the wake of freedom and independence.Although it was almost incapable to bounce back they had undying determination.( Theory, 2008) On Russia case is all the same thing in all industrial developments, only that they had resources and capital that made it easier on them to progress. Politically, too, they saw a major and storied change but not as in Germany whose Nazi regime end and Hitlers death became the starting point to humanity, democracy and of course their encumbrance economical booster indistrial stability.ReferenceFulcher J(1987). Labour Movement Theory versus Corporatism, Sociology Vol. 21 no 2, pp 231-252Hyman R in Hyman R. and A. Ferner(1994) New Frontiers in European IndustrialRelations Blackwell London, Chapter oneJukka Pekkarinen, Matti Pohjola, and cork Rowthorn (1992). Social corporatism asuperior economic system? Clarendon Press330.17Joel Seidman(195 0) Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 4, pp. 55-69 Published by Cornell University, School of Industrial Labor RelationsPeter Gourevitch (1985) Unions and Economic mixed bag Britain, West Germany and Sweden 331.881 GOURyder (2008) Post war economy retrieved from the World round-eyed Web athttp//www.geocities.com/Athens/Rhodes/6916/ww2.htmSkidelsky R (1979) The decline of Keynesian politics State and economy inContemporary capitalism Croom Helm edition, LondonTaylor A J (1989) Trade Unions and Politics a comparative introduction,Basingstoke,MacmillanTheory (2008) The world since 1945 retrieved from the World Wide Web athttp//www.flowofhistory.com/units/etc/19/FC128

Use of non-alphabetic languages (e.g. Chinese pictogrraphs) in information system Essay Example for Free

Use of non-alphabetic manner of speakings (e.g. Chinese pictogrraphs) in randomness agreement EssayOne of the problems of in holdation flow in the entanglement system is the language barrier especially when nurture exchange is between two ports with different language. Linked with this problem is the difficulty in reading the reading transferred, unless the two use the same writing system. Today, the effort in universalizing the system of writing or even the language had gone not much further that is wherefore, even in the information system, the hindrances brought by this problem can be clearly seen. There be a lot of systems of writing around the bea but they can be categorized either in at least one of these three aggroups namely, logographic, syllabary and alphabetic (library. thinkquest. org). The first system, the logographic uses a single symbol to represent a word. The syllabary uses a single symbol to represent a syllable, which can then be combined to form a word. These two systems are of common use to many countries in Asia such(prenominal) as Japan, China and Korea.The last system, the alphabetic, uses characters or letters as the smallest unit to form syllables, which then represents a single unit of sound. Of these three, the alphabetic is the easiest to learn, mainly because it has less number of characters than those of the other systems that even has over thousands of symbols (library. thinkquest. org. ), although this is not necessarily compressed that alphabetic is the most effective and efficient form to be use.Having the variety of system used in day to day encounter, the said variety is brought to the electronic-based system of communication which is the information system. The current information system uses mostly the QWERTY keyboard (home. earthlink. net). This type of keyboard specializes in the use of the alphabetic languages. Since alphabetic has only if about less than 50 characters including letters and numerals, a unit can be represented in well(p) one key, making it efficient for someone to key in lyric poem using the keyboard.On the other hand, system that uses logographic and syllabary such as the Chinese pictographs and the Japanese Katakana and Hiragana cannot put one across a single representation for a character since they are using thousands of characters and putting one by one in a single key for a character is not realistic and even not an idea to think of. Solving this problem, there are two most common approaches in keying in characters or input text edition for non-alphabetical languages developed and are incorporated in the standard QWERTY keyboard so as to assist non-alphabetical language users to make input a little effective.These two are the radical-based method and the phonetic-based method on inputs (Hamzah pp. 311-312). In the radical based method, the standard stokes for a specific language is typed and then possible characters possessing the strokes you typed ar e prepared for you and then you select the right character that you are hypothetical to input. For example, there are 11, 172 Hangul characters but those characters has only 24 fundamental or basic strokes. Thus, to type Hangul or Korean characters, we only need to use 24 keys where every key has a unique stoke.This method is now commonly used in cellular phones. On the other hand, the phonetic-based input method uses the sound property of the alphabetic system in keying in characters. See Figure 1, courtesy of Hampzah p. 311 from http//www. pacis-net. org/file/2006/1104. pdf. In the figure on the previous page, if you want to key in non-alphabetic characters, you must first think of how the word is pronounced and then use its representation in alphabetic system. The original Japanese word can be pronounced as tegakino and thus tegakino must be typed in the QWERTY keyboard.Because the Japanese language have complexity in pronunciation brought about by words with similar sounds (www . japan-guide. com), then typing tagekino alone will not guarantee that what you are supposed to type is the right thing, so the system will then list characters with similar pronunciation as tagekino and now you are allowed to select the right group of characters that will fit or that you are intended to type. Noticed that in these two methods, the effort of input of a single character or a word is significantly higher than the effort it takes to input an alphabetical character or a word.This hypothesis is further proven by the study make on the input of Chinese and Japanese characters. The result of the study revealed that it takes about 36% of the total meter of input of a Chinese character just to pick the right character from the list, even after the system of writing of Chinese is condensed and over 2000 characters are simplified (www. omniglot. com). Also, about 70% of the total time of input of Japanese characters account for choosing a kanji character that will be used in input for the intended Japanese character (Hamzah p. 313).Time is rightfully important in many of the transactions in the information system. More of the times, the data transfer must be done in real-time since the information transferred is either very important for the receiver or are controversial. Using the previous two methods of text input for non-alphabetical language, time is sacrificed and thus the flow of information or the processing of information becomes relatively slower, thus affecting great deal of transactions. Studies have been made in solving this issue and they come up with the idea of freeform annotation.Freeform annotation would mean that keying in characters will not use keyboard but by hand or through handwriting. This will use a somewhat scanning device that will scan the input through handwriting and then the system will match the strokes input with the characters stored in database. after(prenominal) the matching has been done, the characters selected by the computer will then be displayed and the user will be prompted by the computer to confirm if the selected characters are the intended characters of the users. However, only few are interested in making studies about the use of this method in information system (Hamzah p.312). Other solutions that are now acquire its way into the electronic system are those that are related to live translation. This would simply means that databases are to be build and programs would be produced so as to make information flow between users with different system of writing meet or be understood by both. Databases and programs such as semiautomatic Machine Translator, Multilingual Customer Support Platform and Glossary Builder will be utilized during data transfer to suit the preferred language and system of writing of the user (partners.wholetree. com). Thus using these innovations, the language barrier between nations with different systems of writing can now be lessen or even eliminated if mor e and more advancement with the technology and the linguistics experts cooperation in the succeeding projects. In the electronic age, the common problems that have arises concerning the language has been bought in the electronic-based system. Problems such as variations in the system of writing and the variations of pronunciation and usage of words are now a problem of the information system.Though there are assumed solutions to these problems like the annotation and translation processes, it is still difficult to solve the problems stated above. It is somehow linked with the problems with the variations of culture, for language is somewhat a part of it, that is why it is one of those problems that are almost impossible to give a definite solution. I am only saying it is almost impossible because I accept that through advancement and collaborative efforts, this flaw can have a solution.ReferencesBasic Information. 6 June 2007. http//www. japan-guide.com/e/e2050. html. Consider QWER TY the Typewriter Keyboard 6 June 2007. http//home. earthlink. net/ dcrehr/whyqwert. html. Hamzah, Muhd Dzulkhiflee, et, al. (2006) A exposure Analysis of Eye Movements During Typing. 6 June 2007. http//www. pacis-net. org/file/2006/1104. pdf. Simplified Chinese Characters. Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages of the World. 6 June 2007. http//www. omniglot. com/writing/chinese_simplified. htmsimp. The Development of Writing. ThinkQuest. 6 June 2007. http//library. thinkquest. org/ C004367/la6. shtml.

Play and Learning in Childrens Education

Play and Learning in Childrens EducationIntroductionLearning to piddle is necessary for a childs academic and stimulated do. Play can assist a child consort a personal manner conditions in their surroundings, such as social activities in a base. Addition wholey, board games religious go to teach reading, rules, counting and different instruction related skills. Block Building, Clay and other creative Hands on activities assists a child see how Things work. several(prenominal) engineers started their Cargoners by playing with blocks.Task-11.1 Describe the expatiatement over time of theoretical approaches to play and cultivationBandura take a very unusual approach to developmental psychology and confirmed that children learn progress from role models. Banduras approach is an expansion of behavioral theories which highlight the way we learn behavior from others, our surroundings, and experiences and so on and reduplicate role models. They learn from brothers, sisters, sib ling and friends.Banduras social learning theory personalized traditional learning theory which was stand on stimulus-response affairs. It believed learning to be no unusual among children, infants, adults, or yet animals. Banduras approach is leading in the cure of problem activities and disorders.Mary Ashworth developed the Attachment theory from Bowl by provided she identified it Strange situation. To learn theory researchers observed kids for 12-18 months and they observed to see how they responded when they were left al bingle and then reunited with their mothers. The attachment theory nonifies us that a teen child requires at least one affiliation with a primary compassionate. This will assist the childs expressive and social development to raise and this happens over time.1.2 appraise different philosophical approaches to play and learningEvaluation is a procedure used by before time childhood services to discover out about the quality of the program, the surroundings, t he learning connections, and the results for children and families.Self-review is a figure of inner evaluation in which the service looks personally at it ego and what it does, and applies what it finds out to place goals to develop quality.ERO provides out evaluation of the superiority of services. Education evaluates are carried out frequently in all certified services. Reports verify what is going fine and top proposals for development. The most juvenile ERO report should be obtainable from the service, or can be examine on EROs website.1.3 Discuss links between current influences on play and learning and the formulation and provision of learning opportunities1. Every child issue influences think provision of learning opportunitiesThe subject domain Curriculum is the initial point for preparedness a work program that meets the definite call for of individuals and sets of pupils. This statutory enclosure statement on providing successful learning opportunities for all s tudents outlines how teachers can transform, as needed, the National Curriculum programs of study to provide all students with relevant and properly challenging work at each enter st sequence.Child sell act 2006 controls planning and provision of learning opportunitiesThis act states that untimely years providers yield a task to execute the EYFS. Child care do this by concourse the learning and development necessities when doing their weekly scheduling and besides conform with the welfare necessities. Child care act does this to make sure that it is very essential to appraise rules and regulations to make sure that the children are at the right periods of development in life.SEN code of practice 2002 influences planning and provision of learning opportunities Areas covered consist of the interpretation of particular educational requirements, parental liability and working affiliation with parents. The code moreover looks at concerning pupils in evaluation and decision-making s tipulation in the early long time primary and secondary education legal taxment of children under unavoidable give lessons age and the role of the unique educational requirements coordinator. Special educational call for code of practice The SEN code does this to make sure that disability children do not neglect out on enter learning development and also to ensure that they do not feel gone out or frightened.Equality act 2010 controls planning and provision of learning opportunitiesThis act ensures that no one gets treated another way to anybody else this assists planning and provision because it ensures that staff have to ensure that when they plan a action or a lesson plan it is got to be able to engage everyone and ensure that it suits all person needs.2. Inspectors found that where evaluation was underdeveloped it tended to spotlight more on childrens benefit or their interests, quite than their educationSelf-evaluation and action planning was also ofttimes seen by childcare contributors as somewhat that had to be done for often rather than a way of improving result for children. Though, outcomes for children were no superior to acceptable in any of the contributors where self-evaluation was insufficient. Press release A good start for the early years debut stage, often ensure that it is seen to be square to plan unusual types of learning prospects for the children as this assists to develop the childrens skillfulness in a variety of mode.3. The curriculum structures standardised the EYFS control planning and provision of learning opportunitiesThe term curriculum is applied to describe everything kids do, see, hear or feel in their setting, equally planned and unplanned. The early on Years Foundation Stage is the legal framework beside which providers of untimely education are moderated, and includes necessities for the provision of youthful childrens learning. Health Safety at work Act 1974 the Act imposes general duties on owners to specify the health, safety and wellbeing of people at work and protect others beside risks arising from the job activity.Task-22.1 Explain the use of observations to assess learning needs and consider how assessment based on observations can inform planning and respond to individual learning needs2.2 Discuss how reading from other agencies can contribute to the assessment of learning needsChildren and families need support at assured times and there are many organizations and self help groups that can offer this support. Such as National association of toy and leisure libraries, National childbirth trust, Child poverty action group, arouse line plus, Home start, Gingerbread and contact a family etc.There are several different settings where children can be concerned for such as pass play schemes, Respite care, Schools, Parent and toddler groups, Workplace nurseries, Child minders, After school clubs, Pre-schools, Residential care, Day nurseries and crches.Usually the major support group is inside the family group such as grandparents and aunties and uncles. There are four unusual types of sphere of influences that grant care and education for children. They are,Statutory sectorVoluntary sectorPrivate sector.IndependentA Statutory sector is a sector that has to be there by regulation, so topical anaesthetic schools dentist and hospitals are move of this. Local schools have to be there by regulation and get some support by the Government. The age range that schools cover up is from quintuple years to eleven years old they follow a set schedule where reception faces the EYFS and then from year one to year six faces the nationwide curriculum. Schools are in simple access parts, where there is enough gaps for an outside play locale for example the playing field and inside space. A local school should also incorporate snacks they should be strong snacks like vegetables and fruit. They should also incorporate toileting periods for the children. Statutory Schools are ge nerally free excluding payment for school trips, school dinners, and some snacks.The aim of statutory sector school is to grant opportunities of education for all children and to support their education also making a harmless and secure environment for children to maintain them from harm. Another aim is to grant social opportunities for the kid this will incorporate learning to make friends, knowledge about socialize with people, learning the disparity between adults and kids and learning to value others.A Voluntary sector is a sector, which public volunteer to organize and run, so that Mother and toddler, Brownies and Preschool groups are a part of this.Mother and toddler groups are generally for kids age two to four years. The mother and toddler groups are generally undecided from nine to eleven thirty in the morning or half one till three in the daylight. These kinds of organizations are generally placed in a church or society hall, which are not necessarily made for the use of children. The employees are generally parents themselves but the individual in impeach of the organization should have a level three childcare qualification. The area in which the organization is located may not have an outside area for the kids to play out in, the organization should also follow the EYFS prospectus where kids will learn through play and the gap may also be often inspected.The major aim of a mother and toddler group is to grants short term care of petite children to give a parent or care a little time to themselves and also to give little children motivation and also play and communal opportunities. Another major aim is to get children alert for school or nursery.A Private sector is a sector where people disburse extra to try and get the finest of their childs learning or health and also their personal. They provide all breakfast, meals, dinner and tea with also snack they moreover have sleep facilities, inside and outside play areas for kids to play in. The men tal synthesis may not be intentionally being built for the kids but will be adapted for the kids to grant their size facilities. All the members of employees will all qualified, managers and room leaders essential be at least level three or level two trained. They will also check the structure and the employees to check if it is safe and also to ensure if they are subsequent EYSF curriculum.The aim of a private day kindergarten is to provide protected and secure environment for kids to reinforcement them from injury for children in absence of parents or care and moreover to provide opportunities of learning for every child and to maintain their learning.Independent sectors are companies with more license to organize their provision. Their services may not rely on Government funding and does not need to follow the EYFS or the National curriculum. Though the service may be OFSTED checked to ensure childrens welfare requirements are being met. Service of independent provision incl udes independent nurseries and schools.The multi-professional approach team is prepared up of a lot of unusual agencies they are agencies including schools and teachers, hospitals and doctors, social workers, police and many supplementary. They all work jointly to help parents and kids to stop awful cases such as child abuse, death etc.Task-33.1 Explain how to plan curriculum activities which promote learningThe E.Y.F emphasizes a personal and individual approach to learning this is because all kids develop at their individual rate and learn in remarkable ways, come from unusual backgrounds whether communal or religious and therefore have unusual needs and interests. Sensitively children come in unusual packages, some children may seem self-sufficient and confident and Practitioner may be misled into judging that they do not need as a lot attention as the kids who express their sentiments regularly and through for Practitioner attention on a normal basis. This guesswork would be wr ong all children should be giving Practitioner individual attention, how else can Practitioner plan properly for their needs and welfares. The E.Y.F was introduced to include child-minders, pre-schools, after school societies and nurseries to deliver a program that includes personal, social and expressive development, expressive arts and design, physical expansion, literacy, communications and languages, mathematics and at last understanding of the world. The entire areas of learning are included into the exceptional child, favorable relationships, facilitating environments and learning and development. Practitioner have also included the Welfare Requirements these are worldwide and all setting must meet up often guidelines in learning and caring for children. Scotland and Wales follow related guidelines but with their individual structure to incorporate cultural and learning theories believed to have in mind their individual countries interests and needs. The E.Y.F wants people a s practitioner to perceive each child as exceptional. To do this Practitioner need to observe each kid and make observations so that Practitioner can see a sample of the childs happiness and how they are rising to see if they are within their age and phase of development and if essential how to plan suitably to be able to see where they are contained by the developmental procedure.There are three sorts of planning long Term, medium Term and short Term.3.2 Assess the effectiveness of different approaches to planning learning opportunities3.3 Consider methods of involving parents and other professionals in reviewing assessments and plansMulti professional approach permits professionals section understanding about a family requirements so that the parents do not have to ask the similar questions over and once more.The professionals are aware of each others roles in sustaining the family so that incompatible advice can be minimized. It is necessary that each agency discourses well an d understands not only their role and tasks but the others agencies also.A multi-professional or multi-disciplinary team covers many aspects of team work and includesEmpathy seeing somewhat from another persons point of visionInterpersonal expertise how to converse and respond to others, interface with parents, colleagues and children take a hopivity how reflective has it been, development activities, developments etcInterest focusing training, evaluate articles, maintain curiosity in the job etcFlexibility and frankness fresh thoughts and initiatives, latest government legislation, the modes children learn.Trustworthiness being added on at all times.Emotional solidity Not becoming too involved and sentiments clouding judgment. conversation is extremely important implement for practitioners and multi agency groups and it is imperative that they converse well. These includes,Notice boardsDiary boardsLettersEmailsPhone callsTeam meetingsWritten communication and a plan record of reports or meetings are also necessary.The practitioner ought to also assess their own learning and act.This can be done throughout Professional progress and planning with the line manager and others practitioners.For illustrationShare cases of practitioners practiceGet initiatives of other practicesVisit other performances and observe, converseEnsure practitioners halt up to date with recent practicesReading articles in magazines, books, training etcInternal or external guidanceSupplementary qualifications etcObserve children or observe other practitionersPlanning childs next stepsAttempt new thingsTask-44.1 Analysis the key issues in ensuring that assessments are objective and validThe professionals are conscious of each others tasks in sustaining the family so that contradictory advice can be minimize. It is important that each agency corresponded well and realizes not only their role and everyday jobs but the others agencies too.Parents or guardians are the most essential pe ople in a kids life, and recognize the value of this. Practitioner has a conscientious role that involves sharing concern of the child with parents or guardians listen to parents or guardians, as they are the specialist on their child.Partnerships with new agencies help children. For example, address and language analysts for children with language and earshot complexities. This could include sign language or English as a succeeding language. Bereavement management play counselor, educational psychologist to evaluate behavioral needs and get about positive behavior in a kid. Sensory injury such as limited vision, hearing disorder or speech problems.This is to make sure that all the needs of the individuals or children are assembled and they grow to their complete potential. These partnerships do have a significant role to play in making sure that childrens skills and learning are exploited.The multi-professional approach team is completed up of a lot of dissimilar agencies they ar e agencies counting hospitals and doctors, schools and teachers, police, social workers and many extra. They all work jointly to assist parents and children to prevent tragic cases such as loss, child violence etc.4.2 Reflect on the role of the practitioner in meeting childrens learning needsAn Early Years Practitioner would be to help with the improvement and care of children and he or she may be responsible for organizing a room and ensuring that policies and actions are being followed and documented. Practitioner would have to provide for their needs as little kids developmentally, socially and physically. This would be ensuring that Practitioner is promoting and keeping healthy surroundings for all kids. It is also essential that Practitioner gain knowledge by experiencing and educating from the experiences of others.Practitioner would have to enables kids to reach their complete potential and to work inside the Children Act and home guidelines, legislation and values and ensure that Child Safety policies and processes are adhered to at all periods. Practitioner would have to arrangement and prepare stimulating play opportunities that meet up the childrens developmental requirements and stimulates their knowledge.Practitioner would also have to create and maintain affirmative relationships with the kids and their families in a mode that values parental attachment and to provide a service that greetings childs life occurrences and celebrates variety in scathe of culture, language, skill, race and religion.Practitioner would also involve in supervision and personnel development procedures in support of individual development and to start training as proper to meet any changes in principles or proper legal necessities as required.ConclusionReflective practice is an essential aspect of functioning with teen kids which grants practitioners with the verification to form judgments about their role and contribution into the education cycle. Experience is the mos t essential issue and to recognize that as a latest trainee or latest nursery nurse, Practitioner dont know everything. That Practitioner learn by experiencing and educating from the practices of others.

What makes an effective teacher?

What makes an trenchant instructor?David Camerons Conservative Party recently stated that the Tories will be brazenly elitist almost candidates entering the command profession as they believe that qualifications make a good nurtureer. REF. However, research shows that a instructors personal characteristics and teaching styles can also be attributed to effective teaching.In 1992, Professor Caroline Gipps, Vice-Chancellor at the University of Wolverhampton and leading expert in educational assessment and instruction, published What We Know About effective Primary Teaching. The document suggests that a successful primary teacherFocuses on the whole class alternatively than individualsTeaches the whole class while offering service to individuals, or co-operative process where children help each otherTeach one subject at a timePraise children as much as possibleHave risque expectationsEncourage challenging talk rather than quiet busy workUse a variety of teaching stylesAl offse t children some independence and be democratic rather than autocratic about work and disciplineMatches work to a childs top executiveEffective teaching is a subject that is repeatedly researched and studied. more(prenominal) recent research shows that good teachers demonstrate a number of characteristics, but there argon certain characteristics that underlie the effectiveness of teachers such as empathy and a willingness to work hard. Some people ar described as being born to teach, but the personal and moral characteristics chartered to be an effective teacher can be developed through practice, watching other effective teachers and encyclopaedism from their technique.A study carried out by Santrock 2001 identified the main characteristics of effective teachersCHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE TEACHERSCharacteristicTotal %1.Has a sense of humour792.Makes the class interesting733.Has knowledge of their subject704.Explains things clearly665.Spends time to help students656.Are fair to t heir students617.Treats students like adults548.Relates well to students549.Are contractate of students feelings5110.Dont show discrimination towards students46Santrock, J. (2001) An Introduction to Educational Psychology, London McGraw Hill, (p.10)Although subject knowledge is ranked third, the study overall shows that personal characteristics are key to effective teaching rather than qualifications. Classroom management is also an important factor as an average school week only provides 25 hours of teaching time with students. An effective teacher organises their students, time, environment and resources in a way that maximises learning opportunities.Effective teachers also motivate and encourage their students to work hard. Through regular assessment and looking nearly as what a student is learning and what has been learnt, lessons can be planned accordingly.Teachers need to cater for the skills, abilities and interests of each student by matching work to the postureulate of the individual. This avoids giving tasks that are impossible to complete and to avoid giving tasks so easy that students learn nonhing.Pedagogy shared functional atmosphere awareness of the call for of each pupil purposeful well organised classroom celebration of successes. Need to know the needs of individuals and groups as well as how children learn.Most teachers teach facts, good teachers teach ideas, great teachers teach how to think. (Jonathon Pool).Teachers have to be facilitators they cannot do the learning for the student. (Carl Rogers).A teacher who likes to explore a subject by employ lots of activities can achieve the same success as one who prefers one activityThere is one aspect of personality that no teacher can do without a willingness to learn and to reflect on teaching. (The Effective Teacher, p.10).Failing teachers often lack self awareness and do not quite an know what they are doing or if what they are doing is right or wrong. They are defensive about their teaching methods and cannot take criticism, however constructive it is. RefDefine learning 250Learning can be defined as The process of accumulation and change that marks our growing sense of knowledge. (p.14 The Effective Teacher).Different factors can view learning and these include the child, the family, society, economy and social structure. Brofenbrenner looked at how children grow up and how that affects the learning process, then linked all of these factors together into his Ecological Systems Theory 1979. His surmisal suggests that a childs development is influenced by the social contexts in which they live, with the three main contexts being a childs family, peers and school.The parent and child are placed at the c at oncentrate of learning.2.1.Who the child spends most of their time with is identified and what positive and negative factors that has.3.The general external factors that influence the learning environment are looked at.Constructivist feeler to learning di sengage ability to remember knowledgeUnderstand the informationUse or apply knowledge in new situationsBreak down and interpret informationPutting things together developing new ideasAssess effectiveness of whole concepts critical thinkingBlooms Taxonomy is a classification of the levels of learning. The cognitive process identifies 6 levels of thought. Based on this theory, the learner has to reach one level before moving on to the next.When used correctly, Blooms Taxonomy can accelerate learning and elevate student interest and achievement, especially for slower learners. Sousa, D. 2001 How the brain learnsWhat makes an effective learner? 500Understanding and thinking about how a person learns can enhance motivation and increase achievement. REF A persons learning style is the way he or she concentrates on, processes, internalises and remembers new and difficult academic information or skills. Styles often vary with age, achievement level, culture, global versus analytical proces sing preference, and gender. Shaughnessy, 1998.It is often looked at in terms of a learners preference for visual, auditory and kinaesthetic ways of working. Burton, 2007.Encourages a learner to think about how he or she learns.Novice learnerDo not evaluate their comprehensionDo not examine their comprehensionDo not examine the theatrical role of their workDo not make connectionsExpert learnerWhat is the relationship between teaching and learning? 500Consider which is more important. Actual learning or actual teaching? Support argument with literature and wider reading. 500There have been many arguments as to which side of the teaching and learning processes are more important. Child centred education the teacher gives the child opportunities to learn. Teacher centred stand and map what they know.Teacher centred education is a traditional approach to teaching where the teacher presents facts to the student by direct instruction. The teacher is at the centre and in charge.Student centred education is a more modern approach where the learner is at the centre of learning and the teacher acts as a facilitator, guiding the student and giving opportunities to learn.Bennett, 1976clinical Reasoning Case Study Knee Osteoarthritisclinical Reasoning Case Study Knee OsteoarthritisAbstractClinical conclude is the thinking process that escorts clinical practice, it is a multifaceted skill. The aim of this circulate is to use clinical reasoning to comment on a exercise of medial compartment one-sided knee degenerative arthritis. Using clinical reasoning, an outline of management and manual(a) therapy are designed.IntroductionMendez and Neufeld (2003) defined clinical reasoning as a cognitive process aiming to understand the implications of patient data. It also aims to recognize and diagnose present concrete or latent patient problems, to make clinical well-judged choices to help in problem solving, and to result in encouraging patient outcomes.Factors affecting t he outcomes of clinical reasoning can be internal factors linked to health professionals (knowledge, acquaintance with a particular case and their reasoning skills). Patient factors need skills to transfer facts, and report of disease condition and treatment alternatives. External factors include health institution potentials, profession-specific structure of treatment, and intricacy of the case (Mendez and Neufeld, 2003).Edwards and others (2004) suggested the succeeding(a) practices of clinical reasoning for a physiotherapist. diagnostic reasoning, developing a diagnosis found on disability and its impact considering accompanying pain, pathological changes, and contributing factors to the disease. Descriptive reasoning is to understand the patients description and experiences about the disease. Procedural reasoning involves treatment decision making, while communication collaborative reasoning involves setting up a patient-therapist relationship and setting goals for treatmen t based on interpretation of investigations results. Predictive reasoning is foreseeing the treatment results, and ethical reasoning which needs understanding of the ethical questions about the conduct and goals of treatment.Possible causes and processes of the patients recent bursting chargeBased on the patients line of work, and explanation, knee Joint speck herald degenerative joint disease in individuals who are in their 30s or 40s, osteoarthritis becomes obvious nearly in every other subject with a previous history of knee injury. A proper interpretation of the existing data infers that at 10 geezerhood after suffering an injury to the knee, an average of one third of patients display joint space narrowing on x-ray examination. Twenty years post injury, about half the individuals with history of injury shows similar changes (Roos, 2005).Arthroscopic procedures may cause postoperative knee pain and swelling enough to delay rehabilitative physiotherapy. This should not pers ist more than two weeks otherwise the patient will be at risk of complications mainly prolonged knee stiffness. (Reuben and Sklar, 2000).Many believe that changes in the knee joint in osteoarthritis reproduce the collective effects of mechanical stress rather than senile degeneration alone. Therefore, it is an occupational disease (Radin, 2004). Patients occupation activities are aggravating factors to develop knee osteoarthritis (Loomis, 2008).Based on the patients symptoms and physical examination findings, the patient may have had a cruciate ligament prisonbreak or added meniscal injury. Because of negative ligament tests, tenderness over medial TFJ joint line, no tenderness of patella tendon, quads tendon, hams tendons insertions, MCL attachments or LCL attachments, and data suggesting positive McMurray manoeuvre. Besides the presence of modest effusion, it is most likely the patient suffers a meniscal injury (Dascola, 2005).Roos (2005) provided a model for the processes respo nsible for pain and development of osteoarthritis. He assumed the disease needs, being mechanically determined, increased or altered joint load as a precondition to its development. Therefore, joint injury, occupation and aging lead to development and progression of osteoarthritis in one of two possible pathways. First, deconditioning of the musculoskeletal, increased joint loads occur with pain and progression of osteoarthritis. Alternatively, joint instability, misalignment and defective proprioception result joint link up changes leading to increased joint loads with pain and disease progression.The patients irritabilityAt this point, the patient anxiety is because of worsening of pain and movement limitation and touch on that he will not be able to continue working or doing everyday activities without significant discomfort. Jinks and others (2007) suggested that a therapist should look at the first onset of joint pain as sign to try preventing future disability.Reasoned ident ification of need for caution and need for adjustmentslead cardinal grosbeak patients findings call for caution and adjustment of assessment as they may need change in the plan of manual therapy. These are persistent pain for four months, reduced right knee extension in standing with slight varus deformity. Besides pain limiting knee movement in active and unresisting flexion and extension with pain and stiffness limiting lateral rotation and stiffness without pain limiting medial rotation. Plain radiography was done following Ottawa knee rules (Jackson and others, 2003) and showed the same findings as the one done two years earlier. The use of MRI in addition provides emend prediction of the need for added treatment. Indication of MRI, in this case, is to evaluate pain as it persisted for more than 3-6 weeks (Oel and others 2005). In case MRI is not available, or not covered by insurance, knee ultrasonography can be helpful to assess knee effusion, integrity of tendon and MCL i njuries and to rule out minimally displaced patellar cracks (Lin and others, 2000).Arthroscopy can be diagnostic and therapeutic for meniscal or ligaments injuries, removal of loose pieces of cartilage or bone. Besides intra-articular steroid injection can be given to manage pain, viscous supplementation, and arthroscopic debridement and flop can ease the mechanical symptoms (Gidwani and Fairbank, 2004).Factors that may be contributing to the patients presenting problemsThe slowly developing knee swelling is matching with meniscal injury however, the therapist must consider associated mild ligament sprain. The absence of locking is against meniscal injury, but the giving way points to possible ligament injury or patellar sublaxation. The presence of anterior crepitus may point to ligament injury or patellar problems, however, the active and passive limited range of movement suggest an intra-articular problem (Smith, 2004). This calls to consider the possibility of having combined l esions on top of osteoarthritis.Three more points need communication with the patient, adjusting occupational activities (Loomis, 2008), return to swimming sport practice or perform water exercise being a low knee load exercise (Grainger and Cicuttini, 2004). Also, tell the patient with the potential side effects of NSAID and advice to use topical preparations with safer analgesics as paracetamol (Derbyshire County NHS, 2008).Developing a working hypothesisAccording to the patients current situation, expectations, worries and good general health, and knowing the case is most likely to be knee medial compartment osteoarthritis the objectives of manual therapy should be (Technical Committee Physiotherapy Profession, 2003)Minimize painDecrease disability and enhance functional ability, muscle strength, joint flexibility.Patient education to encourage better work activities, and regain interest in swimming sport.When to start manual treatment and what is the planeManual therapy portrays the physical therapist applying passive movements aiming to enhance joint effect and minimize stiffness. It includes passive range of movements, and muscle stretching techniques (Fitzgerald and Oatis, 2004).As this particular case needs a multidisciplinary approach that may involve surgery, manual therapy should start once the process of diagnosis and possible surgical interference finish. It may start in conjunction with pain relief physical therapies as thermotherapy, cryotherapy and transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation. The general rules of static stretching range of motion manual therapy are (Technical Committee Physiotherapy Profession, 2003)Twice weekly when pain and stiffness are least in 20-30 minutes sessions (Hoeksma and others, 2005).Better to be preceded by warm compresses.To be performed slowly and the range of motion extended to the limit of least natural pain and resistance.Advice the patient to breath slowly during passive exercise.Hold the terminal stretch f or 10-30 seconds.Passive exercises are continuously adjusted according to pain and the sequence of holding the static position.Measuring the outcomeThe Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) test is a self-report specific measure to assess pain and physical function. validity of the test was investigated in many studies and showed high levels of consistency and test-retest reliability consistent with clinical practice (Stratford and Kennedy, 2004). The 6-minutes walk test is primarily endurance test before developed to measure exercise capacity in cardiac and pulmonary patients. Test-retest reliability and responsiveness index (measures improvement after therapy) have been examined and found exceedingly reliable (King and others, 2000). Patients perform these tests at baseline, on the 5th week, and later every 12 weeks of therapy (Hoeksma and others, 2005).Prognosis and expected improvement rateJinks and others (2007) stated the outcomes of osteoart hritis are poor quality of life, limited daily activities and disability. However, we know little about the primary influence of joint pain on disability in the older population also we know little about if such influence is reversible if the pain improves. According to their results, Jinks and others (2007) inferred that decreased physical functions among knee osteoarthritis patients with pain shows how important this symptom is as a possible launching cause to decline of physical activities. Even those whose pain improves are from time to time able to regain their experienced levels of physical activities.The Ottawa Panel (2005) advised the combination of manual therapy and therapeutic exercises especially muscle strengthening exercises to achieve better improvement of pain and function in patients with osteoarthritis knee.ConclusionClinical reasoning is on of the methods of applying evidence based practice in physiotherapy. A case of medial compartment right knee osteoarthritis presented with pain after minor exercise is subjected to clinical reasoning critical thinking. The case turned to be a multidisciplinary case that needs further investigation and possibly orthopaedic surgeon interference before manual physiotherapy begins. Using clinical reasoning skills and principles, the patients history and clinical findings were analysed, designing principles of a plane of manual therapy, measuring the outcome, and foreseeing prognosis and improvement rate were explained.ReferencesDascola J S, 2005. Injury-related causes of acute knee pain. JAAPA, 18(7), 34-40.Derbyshire County NHS Primary misgiving Trust, care for Management Update, February 2008. Reviewing Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) Prescribing-an update on current issues Online. No 3. Available from http//www.derbyshirecountypct.nhs.uk/content/files/key%20messages/NSAID%20UPDATE%20Feb%2008.pdf, cited 11/07/2008Edwards I, Jones MA, Carr J, et al, 2004. Clinical reasoning strategies in phys ical therapy. Physical Therapy, (84), 312-335.Fitzgerald G K and Oatis C, 2004. Role of physical therapy in management of knee osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol, (16), 143-147.Gidwani, S and Fairbank, A. 2004. Clinical review The orthopaedic approach to managing osteoarthritis of the knee. BMJ 329 1220-1224.Grainger R and Cicuttini F, 2004. Medical management of osteoarthritis of the knee and hip joints. MJA, (180), 232-236.Hoeksma H, Dekker J, Ronday H at al, 2005. Manual therapy is more efficient than exercise therapy for osteoarthritis of the hip. Arthritis Care and Research, (51), 722-729.Jackson J L, OMalley, P G and Kroenke, K, 2003. Evaluation of precipitous Knee Pain in Primary Care. Ann Intern Med, (139), 575-588.Jinks C, Jordan K and Croft, P, 2007. Osteoarthritis as a public health problem the impact of developing knee pain on physical function in adults living in the conjunction (KNEST 3). Rheumatology, (46), 877-881.King M B, Judge J O, Whipple R and Wolfson L, 2000 . Reliability and Responsiveness of Two Physical Performance Measure Examined in the Context of a structural Training Intervention. Phys Ther, (80), 8-16.Lin, J, Fessell, D P, Jacobson, J A et al, 2000. An Illustrated Tutorial of Musculoskeletal Sonography Part 3, Lower Extremity. AJR, (175), 1313-1321.Loomis D, 2008. Work in brief Combining new tools with prepare may enhance ergonomic interventions. Occup. Environ Med., (65), 1.Mendez L and Neufeld J, 2003. Clinical Reasoning What is it and why should I care? Ottawa, ON, Canada CAOT Publications ACE.Oel, E H G, Nikken, J J, Ginal A Z, et al, 2005. Acute Knee Trauma Value of a Short Dedicated Extremity MR Imaging Examination for prediction of Subsequent Treatment. Radiology, (234), 125-133.Ottawa Panel, 2005. Ottawa Panel Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Therapeutic Exercises and Manual Therapy in the Management of Osteoarthritis. Phys Ther, (85), 907-971.Radin E L., 2004. Who Gets Osteoarthritis and Why? The Journa l of Rheumatology, (31)), (Supplement 70), 10-15.Reuben S S and Sklar J, 2000. Pain Management in Patients Who permit Outpatient Arthroscopic Surgery of the Knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am, (82), 1754-1765.Roos E M, 2005. Joint Injury Causes Knee Osteoarthritis in Young Adults. Curr Opin Rheumatol, 17(2), 195-200.Smith, C.C, 2004. Evaluating the Painful Knee A hands-on Approach to Acute Ligamentous and Mechanical Injuries. Adv Stud Med, (4(7)), 362-370.Stratford P W and Kennedy D M, 2004. Does parallel item content on WOMACs Pain and Function Subscales limit its ability to detect change in functional status. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, (5), 17-25.Technical Committee Physiotherapy Profession, 2003. Physiotherapy Care Protocol-OA Knee Online. Available from http//www.mpa.net.my, Malaysian Physiotherapy Association.

The Island Move Analysis

The Island Move AnalysisIn the beginning of the film capital of Nebraska 6 Echo is very inquisitive, reminding me more than of a child whos favorite question is why. He unavoidablenesss to know why he has to wear white, why he has to package vitamins, why survivors ar universe found, why people are drawn at random to go to the island, why he cant sw aloneow up certain things and the list goes on and on. He has a fri block up who can do these things, that he visits by faking a shortage in his identity bracelet, outlander to him, this man is an actual human, while Lincoln 6 Echo and his friends are clones of extremely wealthy individuals who pay many millions of dollars to have themselves duplicated should they ever need an organ, skin, or want a surrogate to carry their child. Lincoln, goes exploring one day and realized that in that respect is no island, those who supposedly win the lottery are killed shortly aft(prenominal) giving birth, or having variety meat removed. Jor dan 2 Delta, had won the lottery the evening before, and he goes and convinces her to run with him. They escape the under ground bunker and realize there is an entire world on the outside with people. They find out that they are clones, created with the sole purpose of keeping their human counterparts alive for many years agelong then a natural life. They go in search of their counterparts to show them that they are too living, feeling, valueing individuals and not kept in a ve contractational state, as they were lead to believe. Jordans counterpart had been in a car accident so they went in search of Lincolns counterpart an extremely wealthy man named tom turkey Lincoln, who resided in Los Angeles. They are being hunted by the mental institution to be brought back before the general population learns the truth of how human they are and what the institution actually does. They eventually find tomcat Lincoln and tell him the story he agrees to take them to the news station to te ll their story. Jordan realizes that the original Tom is lying, because his eye get the same look as Lincolns. Lincoln convinces her to stay behind, so she doesnt get captured when he double-crosses them. Tom does in fact call the institution because he is not ready to die, and Lincoln is his insurance policy. Lincoln pretends to be the original Tom and the real Tom gets shot, with the mercenary thinking he is the clone. The institute offers Tom a replacement insurance policy. Jordan is captured the next day while Lincoln is pass to the institute under the disguise of Tom his goal is to dispense with all of the other clones. During this time the institute realized that there was a defect in the clones from the echo generation on, giving them the human curiosity personality characteristic, to get rid of this problem they decide to do damage control and kill all of the clones. Jordan and Lincoln intervene and lastly stop the institution from killing everyone. They save their friends , and the institution is destroyed and prevented from causing any further destruction.I love how this plays in with organ donation and harvesting organs from cadavers as we learned around in class, I think it is such and interesting solution that I hope our society never turns to. The public was lead to believe that the clones were kept in a vegetative state, not feeling, or thinking, or having emotions, which allowed them to be more at ease with the concept. I cant say if I had the money and I was promised that my clone would always be vegetative, that I would say no to that. I can fulfill why it was such a popular concept from the public, I do think that if the public had known about the clones living and breathing, and feeling and being human in everyway except having a natural birth and a childhood, that some would still pay for this privilege. Many people are so scared of death that it doesnt matter how they survive, it just matters that they do. I loved that an underlying r adix of the movie was not to trust anyone humans are manipulative, and further care about their best interests. This really hit true to me, that we lose so much of our innocents, and our trust as we age because we become so self serving, you could see that happen with Lincoln as he and Jordan spent more time in the human world. He was so trusting and ordaining to do anything for any one, yet he sacrificed his original counterparts life to save his own. I dont think it is a bad thing, but I think that in the beginning of the movie, it is not something he would have done. When he said, Im not ready to die either, I think it had come full circle that he was starting to become more human, and more self-serving. I think this also played very well into the end of life stages, really focusing on how far would you go to prevent your own death?My main issues with the concept of cloning for organ use are all ethical, is it ethical to clone? What will cloning lead to? What is okay to clone? Not ok? Animals? Adults? Children? Why would people need or want to clone for use other than to use organs and or other body parts? My next issue is the issue of creating life to suit and ulterior need. To me this is using life as a means to achieve a goal, and life should not be a tool to help oneself succeed in other areas, a life should be enough to just be lived and enjoyed. My last concern is that after the clone in the movie has served its purpose, whether it be burst birth or donate a kidney the clone is killed, and I cannot grasp making killing the clone ok.Cloning, the act of creating something in the exact form that already exists to me this alone is unethical there is no need or reason in my mind why society needs to do this. I see no good or benefit for society that can come from cloning, I think it creates unnecessary temptations to do just what was done in the movie, by allowing the wealthy to clone themselves to serve a purpose. If we make cloning a common practice I see no reason why this will not become a reality, and that to me is frightening. The clones in the movie thought, felt, loved, and had all human emotions and to count being a clone and knowing you were created to eventually die, so person else could live makes me ill. I would not choose to prolong someone elses life at the expense of my own unless I truly loved this person. I imagine a clone would feel the same way since they have human emotions. In this situation I think the golden rule applies, do unto others as you would want done to you.My next issue is creating life to serve an ulterior purpose. This reminds me of the book My Sisters Keeper, by Jodi Pullcott. Where the youngest daughter was conceived to ultimately save the elder daughters life. Not only does this make the produced person feel like a means to the end, but also it creates an issue of individual rights. Does the Produced person have the right to refuse to help save the life of the person needing saved? Do the y have the right to put their health above the other person? I think that they should. Whether or not you were born out of the desire to create a life to love that person, or created out of the desire to save someone else, that the person who is ultimately being used should given the right to the most important issue in donation, free will in the form of informed consent. If we are going to create people to serve a purpose of saving other lives what is to stop society from breeding slaves? No there isnt the same promise that the organs will be as good of a match, but it would be a lot cheaper.My last issue is that the clones were killed after surgeries they could have easily lived through. I can maybe, in so stretch make it okay, if the clones were only being used to donate organs that they could survive with out, and if they were being compensated for them. Or if they were being treated as real surrogates, but killing them after routine operations amazed me. It seemed almost too cr uel to do that just to cherish the rest of the clone population from learning the truth. The killing seemed senseless and completely unnecessary. All in all I thought this was an amazing movie and I really enjoyed watching it. It was not something I would have picked to watch on my own but I am very glad that I did.

History of Rock and Roll Essay example -- essays research papers fc

A History Paper-Rock n RollMany pile and many styles of music influenced Rock and Roll. The styles included Blues, Jazz, Gospel, Bluegrass, Boogie-Woogie, and Rockabilly. Each was a major factor into the introduction of a new style of music called Rock N Roll.Popular music places a premium on accessibility, represents various meanings to boost both instant appeal and memorability - distinctive tunes, novel instrumental flourishes, danceable rhythms, recurrent riffs - but its signal feature is melodic emphasis and great vocal gatherings.     Popular music at the turn of the century came largely from musical champaign - Broadway and Hollywood. Originally, popularized by traveling groups and sheet music sales, popular music really came into its own with the arrival of radio broadcasting, jukeboxes, 78 r.p.m recordings and other twentieth century technologies which proceed into the Fifties.Hits from the first half of the 20th century were supplied by Tin Pin Alle y that celebrated the boom years and Roaring Twenties and provided an escape from the imprint and two ball Wars. Cole Porter, Hoagy Carmichael, Irving Berlin, George Gershwin, Rodgers and Hart, Jerome Kern left their imprint during "the Jazz Age." However, there were the long-forgotten hacks cashing in on the latest fads spewing out sentimental weepers and tricky novelty numbers aimed at the bland tastes of American mainstream. Jazz and boogie-woogie of the Thirties moved popular music away from the light entertainment of the create houses toward a more exciting and dance oriented style that made the swing era a golden age. As the bigger bands died out and the angiotensin converting enzyme singers again grabbed the spot light the songwriters again found their services in demand. Without jazz driving it and Americans rebuilding their lives and starting baby booms people were too nimble to waste time dancing. Popular music turned back to light sentimental songs and cute n ovelty music song by polished voices and sanction by sweetly generic instrumentals. The Fifties were a good time to be a white middle class American These years brought an UN-thought of successfulness and confidence to Americans who barely remembered the Great Depression. Popular music of the early fifties mirrored the life of mainstream America bland predictable and reassuring. Which didnt seem bad after(prenominal) the depre... ... England the rock capital of the world.The British Invasion of 1964 brought Americas music - reinvented and revitalized - home, a new generation of rock fans was born. Rock nowadays entered what is now known as its Classic Era.     In conclusion this report has helped us understand the significance of medicinal drug in America. Also, the impact it has on music we listen too. Music is really much like a big chain reaction. Rock N Roll, much like music today, stood out and was in a way rebellious. Parents now hate Rap and we love it. People in the 70s loved Rock N Roll and parents hated it. This shows that maybe no upshot how much older people deny it, the time gap and generation gap is not too far apart. Without Rock N Roll the World would without a doubt be changed. Any guess to that of which way would be a good one.Works Cited1 Gass, Bryan "A History of Rock Music The Rock and Roll Era" World Book. Ed. 6. 1994. 2 Jervey, A. J. " Rock Music Developments" World Book. Ed. 6. 1994.3 Briss, Jake "A Rockn Time Comptons. Ed. 13. 1987. 4 Mack, Stacey "ROCKED AND ROLLIN" age to Rock round the Clock Nash Publishing, 1994.