What makes an effective teacher?

What makes an trenchant instructor?David Camerons Conservative Party recently stated that the Tories will be brazenly elitist almost candidates entering the command profession as they believe that qualifications make a good nurtureer. REF. However, research shows that a instructors personal characteristics and teaching styles can also be attributed to effective teaching.In 1992, Professor Caroline Gipps, Vice-Chancellor at the University of Wolverhampton and leading expert in educational assessment and instruction, published What We Know About effective Primary Teaching. The document suggests that a successful primary teacherFocuses on the whole class alternatively than individualsTeaches the whole class while offering service to individuals, or co-operative process where children help each otherTeach one subject at a timePraise children as much as possibleHave risque expectationsEncourage challenging talk rather than quiet busy workUse a variety of teaching stylesAl offse t children some independence and be democratic rather than autocratic about work and disciplineMatches work to a childs top executiveEffective teaching is a subject that is repeatedly researched and studied. more(prenominal) recent research shows that good teachers demonstrate a number of characteristics, but there argon certain characteristics that underlie the effectiveness of teachers such as empathy and a willingness to work hard. Some people ar described as being born to teach, but the personal and moral characteristics chartered to be an effective teacher can be developed through practice, watching other effective teachers and encyclopaedism from their technique.A study carried out by Santrock 2001 identified the main characteristics of effective teachersCHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE TEACHERSCharacteristicTotal %1.Has a sense of humour792.Makes the class interesting733.Has knowledge of their subject704.Explains things clearly665.Spends time to help students656.Are fair to t heir students617.Treats students like adults548.Relates well to students549.Are contractate of students feelings5110.Dont show discrimination towards students46Santrock, J. (2001) An Introduction to Educational Psychology, London McGraw Hill, (p.10)Although subject knowledge is ranked third, the study overall shows that personal characteristics are key to effective teaching rather than qualifications. Classroom management is also an important factor as an average school week only provides 25 hours of teaching time with students. An effective teacher organises their students, time, environment and resources in a way that maximises learning opportunities.Effective teachers also motivate and encourage their students to work hard. Through regular assessment and looking nearly as what a student is learning and what has been learnt, lessons can be planned accordingly.Teachers need to cater for the skills, abilities and interests of each student by matching work to the postureulate of the individual. This avoids giving tasks that are impossible to complete and to avoid giving tasks so easy that students learn nonhing.Pedagogy shared functional atmosphere awareness of the call for of each pupil purposeful well organised classroom celebration of successes. Need to know the needs of individuals and groups as well as how children learn.Most teachers teach facts, good teachers teach ideas, great teachers teach how to think. (Jonathon Pool).Teachers have to be facilitators they cannot do the learning for the student. (Carl Rogers).A teacher who likes to explore a subject by employ lots of activities can achieve the same success as one who prefers one activityThere is one aspect of personality that no teacher can do without a willingness to learn and to reflect on teaching. (The Effective Teacher, p.10).Failing teachers often lack self awareness and do not quite an know what they are doing or if what they are doing is right or wrong. They are defensive about their teaching methods and cannot take criticism, however constructive it is. RefDefine learning 250Learning can be defined as The process of accumulation and change that marks our growing sense of knowledge. (p.14 The Effective Teacher).Different factors can view learning and these include the child, the family, society, economy and social structure. Brofenbrenner looked at how children grow up and how that affects the learning process, then linked all of these factors together into his Ecological Systems Theory 1979. His surmisal suggests that a childs development is influenced by the social contexts in which they live, with the three main contexts being a childs family, peers and school.The parent and child are placed at the c at oncentrate of learning.2.1.Who the child spends most of their time with is identified and what positive and negative factors that has.3.The general external factors that influence the learning environment are looked at.Constructivist feeler to learning di sengage ability to remember knowledgeUnderstand the informationUse or apply knowledge in new situationsBreak down and interpret informationPutting things together developing new ideasAssess effectiveness of whole concepts critical thinkingBlooms Taxonomy is a classification of the levels of learning. The cognitive process identifies 6 levels of thought. Based on this theory, the learner has to reach one level before moving on to the next.When used correctly, Blooms Taxonomy can accelerate learning and elevate student interest and achievement, especially for slower learners. Sousa, D. 2001 How the brain learnsWhat makes an effective learner? 500Understanding and thinking about how a person learns can enhance motivation and increase achievement. REF A persons learning style is the way he or she concentrates on, processes, internalises and remembers new and difficult academic information or skills. Styles often vary with age, achievement level, culture, global versus analytical proces sing preference, and gender. Shaughnessy, 1998.It is often looked at in terms of a learners preference for visual, auditory and kinaesthetic ways of working. Burton, 2007.Encourages a learner to think about how he or she learns.Novice learnerDo not evaluate their comprehensionDo not examine their comprehensionDo not examine the theatrical role of their workDo not make connectionsExpert learnerWhat is the relationship between teaching and learning? 500Consider which is more important. Actual learning or actual teaching? Support argument with literature and wider reading. 500There have been many arguments as to which side of the teaching and learning processes are more important. Child centred education the teacher gives the child opportunities to learn. Teacher centred stand and map what they know.Teacher centred education is a traditional approach to teaching where the teacher presents facts to the student by direct instruction. The teacher is at the centre and in charge.Student centred education is a more modern approach where the learner is at the centre of learning and the teacher acts as a facilitator, guiding the student and giving opportunities to learn.Bennett, 1976clinical Reasoning Case Study Knee Osteoarthritisclinical Reasoning Case Study Knee OsteoarthritisAbstractClinical conclude is the thinking process that escorts clinical practice, it is a multifaceted skill. The aim of this circulate is to use clinical reasoning to comment on a exercise of medial compartment one-sided knee degenerative arthritis. Using clinical reasoning, an outline of management and manual(a) therapy are designed.IntroductionMendez and Neufeld (2003) defined clinical reasoning as a cognitive process aiming to understand the implications of patient data. It also aims to recognize and diagnose present concrete or latent patient problems, to make clinical well-judged choices to help in problem solving, and to result in encouraging patient outcomes.Factors affecting t he outcomes of clinical reasoning can be internal factors linked to health professionals (knowledge, acquaintance with a particular case and their reasoning skills). Patient factors need skills to transfer facts, and report of disease condition and treatment alternatives. External factors include health institution potentials, profession-specific structure of treatment, and intricacy of the case (Mendez and Neufeld, 2003).Edwards and others (2004) suggested the succeeding(a) practices of clinical reasoning for a physiotherapist. diagnostic reasoning, developing a diagnosis found on disability and its impact considering accompanying pain, pathological changes, and contributing factors to the disease. Descriptive reasoning is to understand the patients description and experiences about the disease. Procedural reasoning involves treatment decision making, while communication collaborative reasoning involves setting up a patient-therapist relationship and setting goals for treatmen t based on interpretation of investigations results. Predictive reasoning is foreseeing the treatment results, and ethical reasoning which needs understanding of the ethical questions about the conduct and goals of treatment.Possible causes and processes of the patients recent bursting chargeBased on the patients line of work, and explanation, knee Joint speck herald degenerative joint disease in individuals who are in their 30s or 40s, osteoarthritis becomes obvious nearly in every other subject with a previous history of knee injury. A proper interpretation of the existing data infers that at 10 geezerhood after suffering an injury to the knee, an average of one third of patients display joint space narrowing on x-ray examination. Twenty years post injury, about half the individuals with history of injury shows similar changes (Roos, 2005).Arthroscopic procedures may cause postoperative knee pain and swelling enough to delay rehabilitative physiotherapy. This should not pers ist more than two weeks otherwise the patient will be at risk of complications mainly prolonged knee stiffness. (Reuben and Sklar, 2000).Many believe that changes in the knee joint in osteoarthritis reproduce the collective effects of mechanical stress rather than senile degeneration alone. Therefore, it is an occupational disease (Radin, 2004). Patients occupation activities are aggravating factors to develop knee osteoarthritis (Loomis, 2008).Based on the patients symptoms and physical examination findings, the patient may have had a cruciate ligament prisonbreak or added meniscal injury. Because of negative ligament tests, tenderness over medial TFJ joint line, no tenderness of patella tendon, quads tendon, hams tendons insertions, MCL attachments or LCL attachments, and data suggesting positive McMurray manoeuvre. Besides the presence of modest effusion, it is most likely the patient suffers a meniscal injury (Dascola, 2005).Roos (2005) provided a model for the processes respo nsible for pain and development of osteoarthritis. He assumed the disease needs, being mechanically determined, increased or altered joint load as a precondition to its development. Therefore, joint injury, occupation and aging lead to development and progression of osteoarthritis in one of two possible pathways. First, deconditioning of the musculoskeletal, increased joint loads occur with pain and progression of osteoarthritis. Alternatively, joint instability, misalignment and defective proprioception result joint link up changes leading to increased joint loads with pain and disease progression.The patients irritabilityAt this point, the patient anxiety is because of worsening of pain and movement limitation and touch on that he will not be able to continue working or doing everyday activities without significant discomfort. Jinks and others (2007) suggested that a therapist should look at the first onset of joint pain as sign to try preventing future disability.Reasoned ident ification of need for caution and need for adjustmentslead cardinal grosbeak patients findings call for caution and adjustment of assessment as they may need change in the plan of manual therapy. These are persistent pain for four months, reduced right knee extension in standing with slight varus deformity. Besides pain limiting knee movement in active and unresisting flexion and extension with pain and stiffness limiting lateral rotation and stiffness without pain limiting medial rotation. Plain radiography was done following Ottawa knee rules (Jackson and others, 2003) and showed the same findings as the one done two years earlier. The use of MRI in addition provides emend prediction of the need for added treatment. Indication of MRI, in this case, is to evaluate pain as it persisted for more than 3-6 weeks (Oel and others 2005). In case MRI is not available, or not covered by insurance, knee ultrasonography can be helpful to assess knee effusion, integrity of tendon and MCL i njuries and to rule out minimally displaced patellar cracks (Lin and others, 2000).Arthroscopy can be diagnostic and therapeutic for meniscal or ligaments injuries, removal of loose pieces of cartilage or bone. Besides intra-articular steroid injection can be given to manage pain, viscous supplementation, and arthroscopic debridement and flop can ease the mechanical symptoms (Gidwani and Fairbank, 2004).Factors that may be contributing to the patients presenting problemsThe slowly developing knee swelling is matching with meniscal injury however, the therapist must consider associated mild ligament sprain. The absence of locking is against meniscal injury, but the giving way points to possible ligament injury or patellar sublaxation. The presence of anterior crepitus may point to ligament injury or patellar problems, however, the active and passive limited range of movement suggest an intra-articular problem (Smith, 2004). This calls to consider the possibility of having combined l esions on top of osteoarthritis.Three more points need communication with the patient, adjusting occupational activities (Loomis, 2008), return to swimming sport practice or perform water exercise being a low knee load exercise (Grainger and Cicuttini, 2004). Also, tell the patient with the potential side effects of NSAID and advice to use topical preparations with safer analgesics as paracetamol (Derbyshire County NHS, 2008).Developing a working hypothesisAccording to the patients current situation, expectations, worries and good general health, and knowing the case is most likely to be knee medial compartment osteoarthritis the objectives of manual therapy should be (Technical Committee Physiotherapy Profession, 2003)Minimize painDecrease disability and enhance functional ability, muscle strength, joint flexibility.Patient education to encourage better work activities, and regain interest in swimming sport.When to start manual treatment and what is the planeManual therapy portrays the physical therapist applying passive movements aiming to enhance joint effect and minimize stiffness. It includes passive range of movements, and muscle stretching techniques (Fitzgerald and Oatis, 2004).As this particular case needs a multidisciplinary approach that may involve surgery, manual therapy should start once the process of diagnosis and possible surgical interference finish. It may start in conjunction with pain relief physical therapies as thermotherapy, cryotherapy and transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation. The general rules of static stretching range of motion manual therapy are (Technical Committee Physiotherapy Profession, 2003)Twice weekly when pain and stiffness are least in 20-30 minutes sessions (Hoeksma and others, 2005).Better to be preceded by warm compresses.To be performed slowly and the range of motion extended to the limit of least natural pain and resistance.Advice the patient to breath slowly during passive exercise.Hold the terminal stretch f or 10-30 seconds.Passive exercises are continuously adjusted according to pain and the sequence of holding the static position.Measuring the outcomeThe Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) test is a self-report specific measure to assess pain and physical function. validity of the test was investigated in many studies and showed high levels of consistency and test-retest reliability consistent with clinical practice (Stratford and Kennedy, 2004). The 6-minutes walk test is primarily endurance test before developed to measure exercise capacity in cardiac and pulmonary patients. Test-retest reliability and responsiveness index (measures improvement after therapy) have been examined and found exceedingly reliable (King and others, 2000). Patients perform these tests at baseline, on the 5th week, and later every 12 weeks of therapy (Hoeksma and others, 2005).Prognosis and expected improvement rateJinks and others (2007) stated the outcomes of osteoart hritis are poor quality of life, limited daily activities and disability. However, we know little about the primary influence of joint pain on disability in the older population also we know little about if such influence is reversible if the pain improves. According to their results, Jinks and others (2007) inferred that decreased physical functions among knee osteoarthritis patients with pain shows how important this symptom is as a possible launching cause to decline of physical activities. Even those whose pain improves are from time to time able to regain their experienced levels of physical activities.The Ottawa Panel (2005) advised the combination of manual therapy and therapeutic exercises especially muscle strengthening exercises to achieve better improvement of pain and function in patients with osteoarthritis knee.ConclusionClinical reasoning is on of the methods of applying evidence based practice in physiotherapy. A case of medial compartment right knee osteoarthritis presented with pain after minor exercise is subjected to clinical reasoning critical thinking. The case turned to be a multidisciplinary case that needs further investigation and possibly orthopaedic surgeon interference before manual physiotherapy begins. 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